Ibyiza nibibi bya mashini yo gutora
Ukurikije ishyirwa mubikorwa ryihariye,e-gutora irashobora gukoresha imashini itora ya elegitoronike (EVM)cyangwa mudasobwa zahujwe na interineti (gutora kumurongo).Imashini zitora kuri elegitoronike zabaye igikoresho cyiganje mu matora agezweho, kigamije kuzamura imikorere n’ukuri mu nzira yo gutora.Ariko, kimwe nubuhanga ubwo aribwo bwose, hari ibyiza nibibi byose bijyanye no kubishyira mubikorwa.Iyi ngingo izasesengura ibyiza n'ibibi by'imashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga kugira ngo zitange ibisobanuro birambuye ku ngaruka zabyo ku matora.
* Ni izihe nyungu n'ibibi by'imashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga?
Ibyiza byimashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga
1. Gukora neza:Inyungu imwe yimashini zitora za elegitoronike niyongera imikorere bazana mugutora.Mugukoresha uburyo bwo kubara amajwi, izo mashini zirashobora kugabanya cyane igihe gikenewe kugirango ibisubizo bitangwe neza.Iyi mikorere ituma ikwirakwizwa ryihuse ry’ibyavuye mu matora kandi ryorohereza inzira ya demokarasi.
2.Ibishoboka:Imashini zitora za elegitoronike zitanga uburyo bunoze bwo kugera kubantu bafite ubumuga.Binyuze mu guhuza amajwi cyangwa amayeri, abafite ubumuga bwo kutabona cyangwa abafite ubumuga bw’umubiri barashobora gutora mu bwigenge, bakemeza ko bazitabira kimwe mu matora.Uku kutabangikanya ni intambwe ikomeye iganisha kuri demokarasi ihagarariye.
3.Indimi nyinshi:Mu mico itandukanye, imashini zitora za elegitoronike zirashobora gutanga amahitamo yindimi nyinshi, bigatuma abatora bayobora inzira kandi bagatora amajwi mururimi bakunda.Iyi ngingo ifasha gukemura inzitizi zururimi kandi ikemeza ko itandukaniro ryururimi ritabuza abenegihugu gukoresha uburenganzira bwabo bwo gutora.Itera imbere kutabangikanya kandi ishishikarizwa kwishora mubikorwa byabaturage.
4. Kugabanya amakosa:Imashini zitora za elegitoronike zifite inzira yo kugenzura impapuro zagenzuwe ni uburyo bwo gutora neza. Amateka yerekana kwizerwa kwimashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.Imashini zitora za elegitoronike zigabanya amahirwe yamakosa yabantu ashobora kubaho mugihe cyo kubara intoki cyangwa gusobanura amajwi.Kwandika byikora no gutanga amajwi bikuraho bidasobanutse kandi bigabanya amahirwe yo kunyuranya.Uku kuri kwongerera abaturage icyizere muri gahunda y’amatora kandi bishimangira ishingiro ry’ibyavuye mu matora.
5.Kuzigama amafaranga:Abatora batwara umwanya nigiciro mugushobora gutora bigenga aho biherereye.Ibi birashobora kongera umubare wabatoye.Amatsinda yabaturage yunguka byinshi mumatora ya elegitoronike niyo aba mumahanga, abaturage batuye mu cyaro kure y’ibiro by’itora n’abafite ubumuga bafite ubumuga.Mugihe ishoramari ryambere mumashini itora ya elegitoronike rishobora kuba ryinshi, rirashobora gutuma uzigama igihe kirekire.Kurandura sisitemu ishingiye ku mpapuro bigabanya gukenera gucapwa no kubika amajwi y'umubiri.Igihe kirenze, imashini zitora za elegitoronike zirashobora kwerekana ko zihenze cyane cyane mumatora asubirwamo.
Ibyifuzo byimashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga
1. Impungenge z'umutekano:Kimwe mubibazo byibanze byerekeranye nimashini zitora za elegitoronike ni intege nke za hacking, tamping, cyangwa manipulation.Abakinnyi babi barashobora gukoresha intege nke muri sisitemu, bikabangamira ubusugire bwibikorwa byamatora.Kugenzura ingamba zikomeye z'umutekano muke no kuvugurura buri gihe software ya mashini ningirakamaro kugirango ugabanye izo ngaruka no gukomeza kugirira ikizere sisitemu.Icyakora, abatora bafite icyizere mu mutekano, mu kuri, no mu butabera bw’imashini zitora.Ubushakashatsi bwakozwe mu gihugu cya 2018 bwagaragaje ko Abanyamerika bagera kuri 80% bemeza ko gahunda yo gutora iriho ishobora kwibasirwa na ba hackers. （https://votingmachines.procon.org/）
2. Imikorere ya tekiniki:Indi mbogamizi yimashini zitora za elegitoronike ni amahirwe yo gukora nabi tekiniki cyangwa kunanirwa na sisitemu.Ikosa muri software, amakosa yibikoresho, cyangwa umuriro w'amashanyarazi birashobora guhagarika inzira yo gutora kandi biganisha ku gutinda cyangwa gutakaza amakuru.Sisitemu ihagije yo kugerageza, kubungabunga, no gusubiza inyuma birakenewe kugirango ibibazo nkibi bigabanuke kandi bigende neza imikorere mugihe cyamatora.
3. Kubura gukorera mu mucyo:Gukoresha imashini zitora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga birashobora gutera impungenge zijyanye no gukorera mu mucyo inzira yo gutora.Bitandukanye n’amatora gakondo ashobora kugaragara no kubarwa, sisitemu ya elegitoronike ishingiye kubitabo bya digitale bitagerwaho byoroshye cyangwa bigenzurwa nabenegihugu.Kugira ngo iki kibazo gikemuke, gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba nko gukora igenzura risanzwe no gutanga umucyo mu gishushanyo mbonera no mu mikorere ya sisitemu birashobora gufasha kongera icyizere mu gutora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.
4. Ibibazo byo kugerwaho kubatari Tech-Savvy batora:Mugihe imashini zitora za elegitoronike zigamije kunoza uburyo bworoshye, zirashobora guteza ibibazo abatora batamenyereye ikoranabuhanga.Abantu bageze mu za bukuru cyangwa badafite ubumenyi buke mu buhanga barashobora kugorana kuyobora imashini yimashini, bishobora gutera urujijo cyangwa amakosa yo gutora.Gutanga gahunda zuzuye zo kwigisha abatora no gutanga ubufasha ku biro by’itora birashobora gukemura ibyo bibazo byoroshye.
Muri rusange, gushyira mu bikorwa ingamba zikomeye z'umutekano, gukora igenzura risanzwe, no gutanga inyigisho zihagije z’itora ni ngombwa mu kubaka icyizere rusange n'icyizere muri sisitemu yo gutora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhanga.Mugupima neza ibyiza n'ibibi, abafata ibyemezo barashobora gufata ibyemezo byuzuye bijyanye no gushyira mubikorwa no kuzamuraimashini zo gutora hakoreshejwe ikoranabuhangay'amatora meza kandi yizewe.
Igihe cyo kohereza: 03-07-23
